Olfaction may play an important role for regulating various aspects of bird behaviour. The uropygial gland, located at the base of the large tail feathers, produces preen oil which differs in composition of carboxylic acids in relation to age and to whether the bird is feather pecked. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible olfactory differences between individual red junglefowl, and to assess possible differences between feather pecked (P) and non-feather pecked (NP) animals. Using an automated olfactometer we assessed individual bird odours by examining the ability of four trained mice to discriminate between the odours of uropygial gland secretion. Samples were taken from six non-pecked and six severely pecked females (judged by visual inspection of plumage condition) in a group of red junglefowl (RJF; chosen because they are known to have more feather pecking than domestic hens). The animals were of the same age and were kept in separate cages during the test period to avoid further feather pecking. Two samples per animal were presented in random combinations to the mice at different occasions. Furthermore, the uropygial gland secretions of the animals were analysed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). All mice performed significantly above chance level and were clearly able to discriminate between all individual red junglefowl odours (two-tailed binomial test, P<0.01). The GC-MS analyses showed that the chemical profile (composition of different carboxylic acids) of uropygial gland secretions differs consistently between individuals. We conclude that red junglefowl have individual body odours based on differences in the relative abundance of carboxylic acids, as shown by the fact that trained mice are able to discriminate between the odours of individual uropygial gland secretions. However, it remains to be studied whether olfactory cues are used intra-specifically and play a role in the development of feather pecking.